Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, of which of the following facts may the court not take…

Courts can take judicial notice of well-established historical events through appropriate historical reference material, as contemplated by section 52(2) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly section 57 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872). Gandhi’s assassination and the broadly recorded ensuing disturbances fall within that historical context. The alleged deaths of two particular private persons, Girish and Shirish, are case-specific facts needing evidence rather than judicial notice merely because they allegedly occurred in the riots. Judicial notice of general history does not prove individual identities or deaths.