Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the language of the three limbs of Section 100 (especially its…

Section 2(33) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly s. 39 IPC) defines the term 'voluntarily', stating that a person is said to cause an effect voluntarily when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it. This formulation of intention and knowledge of likelihood closely parallels the language of the three limbs of culpable homicide in Section 100 BNS (formerly s. 299 IPC), particularly the third limb covering an act done 'with the knowledge that he is likely by such act to cause death'. Section 3(8) BNS (formerly s. 37 IPC) deals with intentional cooperation by doing one of several acts, Section 3(9) BNS (formerly s. 38 IPC) provides that persons concerned in a criminal act may be guilty of different offences, and Section 2(24) BNS (formerly s. 40 IPC) defines 'offence'.