Who among the following viewed, unemployment as outcome of the recession in business cycle ?

In the sociology of social problems, Elliott and Merrill (Social Disorganization) treated unemployment as the outcome of the recession or depression phase of the business cycle, i.e. cyclical unemployment following a contraction of business activity. Fairchild is known for defining unemployment as forced and involuntary separation from remunerative work, Beveridge for studying unemployment as a problem of industry, and Keynes explained involuntary unemployment by a deficiency of effective demand rather than as a phase of the cycle.