Who among the following is the father of “Doctrine of Passive Resistance” ?

Sri Aurobindo Ghosh propounded the 'Doctrine of Passive Resistance' in a famous series of articles published in Bande Mataram in April 1907 during the Swadeshi movement, outlining systematic boycott and non-cooperation against British colonial administration. Mahatma Gandhi later coined and developed 'Satyagraha', explicitly distinguishing its spiritual truth-force and non-violence from tactical passive resistance.