Which of the following statements about the governance of trade unions in India are wrong ? a. Trade…

Section 15(2) of the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 (formerly s.16 of the Trade Unions Act, 1926) permits a registered Trade Union to constitute a separate fund, from contributions separately levied for or made to that fund, for the promotion of the civic and political interests of its members, and section 15(3) provides that no member can be compelled to contribute to it; so statement c is true. Inter-union rivalry, arising from the multiplicity of unions, is a well-known feature of Indian trade unions, so statement d is also true.

Statements a and b are wrong: Indian trade unions have largely been led by outside political leaders rather than being primarily member-driven, and most suffer from chronic financial weakness owing to low membership and subscriptions. Hence ‘a, b’ is correct.