Which of the following are the characteristics of prismatic model of F. W. Riggs? (A) Formalism (B)…

In Fred W. Riggs’s ecological approach to comparative public administration (Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic Society, 1964), a transitional ‘prismatic’ society is defined by three core structural characteristics: (A) Formalism (discrepancy between formally prescribed norms and actual practice), (B) Heterogeneity (coexistence of traditional and modern systems), and (C) Overlapping (differentiated modern structures operating alongside undifferentiated traditional ones). Its administrative subsystem is the ‘Sala’, not a Weberian ‘Bureau’.