According to Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation, which of the following refers to the term…

In Victor Vroom's (1964) VIE Expectancy Theory of Motivation (Motivation = Valence x Instrumentality x Expectancy), 'Valence' refers to the affective orientation or strength of an individual's personal preference (desirability or attractiveness, ranging from -1 to +1) for a particular second-level reward or outcome. Subjective probability of effort leading to performance is Expectancy, and the link between first-level and second-level outcomes is Instrumentality.