The doctrine of "real and effective bond of nationality" was laid down by the International Court of…

In "The Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala)" (1955), the International Court of Justice laid down the principle of "real and effective nationality", holding that for a State to exercise diplomatic protection on behalf of a naturalized citizen against another State, nationality must reflect a genuine and effective factual bond between the individual and the State granting naturalization.