Which one of the following is not the ground of voidable marriage under the Hindu Marriage Act?

Bigamy contravenes section 5(i) and falls under void marriages in section 11. Section 12 instead addresses voidable marriages, including nonconsummation due to impotence, a qualifying section 5(ii) mental-capacity defect, and the specified force/fraud ground. These grounds have their statutory conditions; not every mental-health diagnosis or unsuccessful relationship automatically makes a marriage voidable.

Current law: For covered Uttarakhand UCC marriages, sections 23–24 give a different void/voidable framework. In particular, contravention of section 4(ii)’s mental-capacity condition is included in section 23’s void category, while section 24 covers its own grounds and was amended in 2026 to add misrepresented identity. The old HMA classification should not be projected onto the UCC.