Which of the following ceremonies is/are obligatory under Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 for a valid marriage:-

Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 provides that a Hindu marriage may be solemnised in accordance with the "Customary rites and ceremonies of either party". Saptapadi is essential only where those rites include it, in which case the marriage becomes complete on the seventh step, and kanyadan is not made obligatory by the Act, so the catch-all option is wrong.

Current law: For persons covered by Uttarakhand's UCC from 27 January 2025, section 5 provides solemnisation under religious beliefs, practices, customary rites and ceremonies, including but not limited to saptapadi. It does not make saptapadi universally necessary.