In which of the following cases the Supreme Court has recognized the validity of adoption of a child…

In Shabnam Hashmi v Union of India (2014) the Supreme Court held that the adoption provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 are a secular, optional route open to any person irrespective of religion, so a Muslim may validly adopt a child under that Act; the Court did not, however, declare adoption a fundamental right. The other listed cases are not the source of this holding.

Current law: The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 now supplies the secular adoption framework (sections 56–57 and 61); since the 2021 amendment came into force on 1 September 2022, adoption orders are made by the District Magistrate rather than a court.