Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, facts of which the court will take judicial notice

Section 51 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly section 56 of the Indian Evidence Act) expressly dispenses with proof of a fact of which the court takes judicial notice. Section 52 lists the recognised subjects, including laws having extra-territorial operation and specified international treaties, agreements and conventions, and permits resort to appropriate books or documents of reference; the rule does not authorise assuming disputed facts merely because a judge finds them plausible.