Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, whoever voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place so as…

The specified offence carries a fine extending to one thousand rupees. The question asks for the statutory ceiling, rather than a typical fine imposed in an individual case.

Why not "Two thousand rupees"? Two thousand rupees exceeds the ceiling specified for making the atmosphere noxious to health. The question identifies a particular statutory offence, so a different monetary figure cannot be inferred from the seriousness of pollution generally. The applicable maximum must be taken from that offence's own penalty.

Why not "Five thousand rupees"? Five thousand rupees is not the maximum prescribed for the atmospheric offence described. Penalties for other public health offences may use different amounts, but they cannot be imported into this provision. The conduct and statutory description in the question must be matched to its specific fine.

Why not "Ten thousand rupees"? Ten thousand rupees is higher than the fine authorized for this offence under the applicable provision. General environmental penalties and other criminal offences do not determine this amount. The relevant section sets its own limit, which is one thousand rupees for the described conduct.