Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which of the following amounts to defamation?

Under Explanation 2 to Section 356(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly Explanation 2 to Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860), it may amount to defamation to make an imputation concerning a company or an association or collection of persons as such. By contrast, the other three options fall within the statutory exceptions to defamation under Section 356(1): publishing a substantially true report of the proceedings of a Court of Justice falls under the Fourth Exception; passing censure in good faith by a person having lawful authority over another falls under the Seventh Exception; and conveying a caution in good faith intended for the good of the person to whom it is conveyed or for the public good falls under the Tenth Exception.