Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, what offence, if any, has been caused by the accused ‘X’ in…

Under Sections 116 and 117 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly Sections 320 and 325 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860), where a person during a sudden verbal quarrel strikes a forceful blow without any intention to cause death or knowledge that the act is likely to cause death, and death unexpectedly ensues due to the rupture of the victim's spleen, the offence committed is voluntarily causing grievous hurt (Empress of India v. Idu Beg, (1881) ILR 3 All 776). It does not amount to culpable homicide under Section 100 BNS (formerly Section 299 IPC) because the requisite intention or knowledge of likely death is absent. At the same time, because the blow was delivered with great force and caused a life-endangering internal rupture, it goes beyond simple hurt.