Under Section 78(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which of the following acts committed by a…

Under Section 78(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly Section 354D IPC, inserted in 2013), any man who (i) follows a woman and contacts, or attempts to contact such woman to foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest by such woman, or (ii) monitors the use by a woman of the internet, e-mail, or any other form of electronic communication, commits the offence of stalking (subject to the exceptions in the proviso). Under Section 78(2), stalking is punishable on first conviction with imprisonment up to three years and fine, and on a second or subsequent conviction with imprisonment up to five years and fine. The other options describe cruelty (Sections 85–86), lurking house-trespass (Section 330), and dowry death (Section 80).