Under section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, a person who purposely or knowingly excites or…

Section 152 BNS lists the means expressly: "by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or by electronic communication or by use of financial mean, or otherwise". Each listed option is therefore covered, and the words "or otherwise" show that the list is not exhaustive. Electronic communication and financial means are additions to the words, signs and visible representation mentioned in the former sedition provision (s.124A IPC).

The Explanation to section 152 keeps lawful criticism outside the offence: comments expressing disapprobation of the measures or administrative or other action of the Government, with a view to their alteration by lawful means and without exciting the activities the section describes, are not an offence under it.