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Under English law, F, a fully informed and responsible adult, invites C to use heroin. Each…

R v Kennedy (No 2), [2007] UKHL 38, treats a fully informed and responsible adult's voluntary self-administration of a drug as his own free act, which breaks the chain of…

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Under English law, F, a fully informed and responsible adult, invites C to use heroin. Each independently fills a syringe and freely injects himself; F dies from his own injection. C neither administers nor assists F's injection, and no separate negligent omission is alleged. On causation for unlawful-act manslaughter, C:

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Correct answer B

R v Kennedy (No 2), [2007] UKHL 38, treats a fully informed and responsible adult's voluntary self-administration of a drug as his own free act, which breaks the chain of causation. C therefore "Is not guilty on the basis of F's voluntary self-injection"; mere involvement with the drug or presence does not establish unlawful-act manslaughter, and direct administration by the defendant would raise a different question.

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