The principle of proximity of crime under criminal law is irrelevant while deciding the liability for…

In criminal law, the rule of proximity (requiring an overt act sufficiently proximate to the intended result, beyond mere preparation) is a test used to determine liability for an attempt to commit a substantive offence under Section 62 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly s.511 IPC), such as an attempt to commit theft, dacoity, culpable homicide, murder, kidnapping, or abduction. By contrast, abetment (Sections 45 to 60 BNS, formerly ss.107–120 IPC) and criminal conspiracy (Section 61 BNS, formerly ss.120A–120B IPC) are inchoate offences in which criminal liability is complete upon instigation, intentional aiding, or the agreement itself, making the proximity of the final substantive crime irrelevant to establishing liability.