Section 95 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 applies to

Section 95 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) restricts oral evidence only as between the parties to an instrument or their representatives in interest, unlike the general documentary-proof rule in section 94. Bai Hira Devi, decided on the corresponding earlier provisions, describes this restriction as confined to bilateral documents. Strangers are not subject to its inter-party exclusion of oral evidence; the statutory provisos also preserve specified grounds for admitting such evidence.