Section 25 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 is based on the legal maxim of—

Volenti non fit injuria expresses the principle that voluntary consent to a legally permitted risk can exclude a legal wrong. Section 25 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly section 87 IPC) gives this principle a limited criminal-law form: the person must be above eighteen years, consent expressly or impliedly to the harm or its risk, and the act must neither be intended nor known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt. Consent is not an unrestricted defence to every offence. Sections 28 and 29 exclude invalid consent and offences independent of the harm. The other maxims concern trivial matters, guilty intention, or infancy rather than this consent defence.