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Oral evidence under section 55 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 may be

The general rule in section 55 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly section 60 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) is that oral evidence must be direct. A…

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Oral evidence under section 55 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 may be

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The general rule in section 55 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (formerly section 60 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) is that oral evidence must be direct. A witness proving something seen must have seen it, and a witness proving something heard must have heard it. Repeating another person’s account does not satisfy this ordinary rule merely because it is spoken in court; any statutory exception must be established separately.

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