For the purposes of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, voyeurism as an offence means:

“Watching or capturing the image of a woman engaging in a private act” describes the distinctive watching or image-capture conduct of voyeurism, rather than the broader labels in the other choices. Under section 77 of the BNS (formerly section 354C IPC), the woman must be engaging in a private act in circumstances where she would usually expect not to be observed; the provision also covers dissemination of such an image, and consent to capture does not by itself authorise dissemination. Section 77 begins with “Whoever”, so the offender need not be a man. Merely seeing a woman in a private place does not satisfy every statutory ingredient.