Under section 89(1) of the CPC, which of the following dispute-resolution processes may the court refer…

Section 89(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure lists arbitration, conciliation, judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, and mediation, so "arbitration or conciliation or Lok Adalat or mediation" is the complete answer; the other options name only some of these processes. Referral to arbitration or conciliation still requires the parties' consent.

Current law: The Mediation Act 2023 provides, through its section 59, for amendments to section 89 CPC; that section was not among the provisions brought into force on 9 October 2023, and section 89 continues in its existing form until it is notified.